เหตุการณ์ใน-นอกโลก VS ภัยธรรมชาติ และupdate พายุสุริยะ

New Spots / Solar Update
02/03/2011 by Kevin VE3EN at 22:10
Comment on Message Board Solar Update - Minor geomagnetic storming may be possible within the next 24 hours due to an expected coronal hole wind stream and possible effects from CME on Jan 30.
A few small sunspots are forming at various locations on the visible solar disk. Sunspot 1150 continues to fade.


Sunspots including new region 1152 (Thursday)


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<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td background="graphics/solarback2.jpg" width="505">

Prepared jointly by the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA,
Space Weather Prediction Center and the U.S. Air Force.
Updated 2011 Feb 03 2200 UTC

Joint USAF/NOAA Report of Solar and Geophysical Activity
SDF Number 034 Issued at 2200Z on 03 Feb 2011

IA. Analysis of Solar Active Regions and Activity from 02/2100Z
to 03/2100Z: Solar activity was very low. Region 1150 (S22W13)
decayed throughout the period. New Region 1152 (S18E11) was numbered
today after producing a B2 x-ray event.

IB. Solar Activity Forecast: Solar activity is expected to be very
low with a slight chance for a C-class flare for the next 3 days
(4-6 February).

IIA. Geophysical Activity Summary 02/2100Z to 03/2100Z:
The geomagnetic field was very low throughout the period.

IIB. Geophysical Activity Forecast: The geomagnetic field is
forecast to be mostly unsettled to active with the chance for a
minor storm on day 1 (4 February) due to coronal hole effects in
conjunction with the anticipated arrival of the CME from 30 January.
Conditions are forecast to be mostly unsettled on day 2 (5 February)
before returning to mostly quiet on day 3 (6 February) when coronal
hole effects subside.
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table>

 

[FONT=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]WEAK IMPACT: [/FONT]Arriving a little later than expected, a CME hit Earth's magnetic field on Feb. 4th around 0200 UT. Although the impact was weak, conditions are now favorable for high-latitude auroras.

 

[FONT=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]CLOSE-APPROACHING ASTEROID: [/FONT]A small (4-5 meter) asteroid discovered earlier today by R. A. Kowalski of the Catalina Sky Survey will pass by Earth on Feb. 4th around 19:40UT at a distance of 11855 km. 2011 CQ1 will not hit Earth, but it will pass well inside the Clarke Belt of geosynchronous satellites. [more]

อุกาบาตเล็กๆ 4-5 เมตร พุ่งเฉี่ยวโลก ไปวันที่ 4 กุมภาพันธ์ เวลา 19.40 UTC (ตีสองครึ่งเมืองไทย) ระยะประมาณ 11,855 กม. แต่ไม่ชนโลก

 

Very Small Asteroid Makes Close Earth Approach on February 4, 2011

Don Yeomans and Paul Chodas
NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office
February 4, 2011


<table align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td width="150">
<center> Trajectory of Asteroid 2011 CQ1 - February 4, 2011 </center> </td> </tr> </tbody></table>

Asteroid 2011 CQ1 was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey on February 4 and made a record close Earth approach 14 hours later on February 4 at 19:39 UT (14:39 EST). It passed to within 0.85 Earth radii (5480 km) of the Earth's surface over a region in the mid-Pacific. This object, only about one meter in diameter, is the closest non-impacting object in our asteroid catalog to date. Prior to the Earth close approach, this object was in a so-called Apollo-class orbit that was mostly outside the Earth's orbit. Following the close approach, the Earth's gravitational attraction modified the object's orbit to an Aten-class orbit where the asteroid spends almost all of its time inside the Earth's orbit.
As is evident from the diagram, the close Earth approach changed the asteroid's flight path by about 60 degrees. Because of their small size, object's of this size are difficult to discover but there is likely to be nearly a billion objects of this size and larger in near-Earth space and one would expect one to strike Earth's atmosphere every few weeks on average. Upon striking the atmosphere, small objects of this size create visually impressive fireball events but only rarely do even a few small fragments reach the ground.

 

February 4, 2011 - Snow Circles Mystery in England.

“This is not something I've come across before.”
- Adrian Phillips, Managing Director, Cheltenham Tree Services



These mysterious snow circles in a grove of trees
on Leckhampton Hill south of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England,
were reported in the December 9, 2010, Gloucestershire Echo. Resident
Freddie Holding was walking her dog and told the newspaper, “I couldn't believeit. I have never seen anything like it before.” The Managing Director of the Cheltenham Tree Services, Adrian Phillips, said, “There is no reason for any kind of fungus to affect the trees in the cold weather, and it seems unlikely things falling from the branches could create such a pattern. The most likely answer is that the pattern is manmade.”

But how?
Image © 2010 by Freddie Holding, reprinted in the Gloucestershire Echo.

 

พื้นทะเลทรุด/จมลงที่ทางใต้และตะวันออกของสุมาตรา ข้อมูลจากวันที่ 1 มกรา 54

Sea Floor DROP at the edge of west Sumatra and south Java

Posted by Kojima on February 2, 2011 at 3:53pm


Data of sea level measured at Sibolga, Padang and Cilacap stations in Indonesia show that the sea level has lowered in those points, suggesting that off-coast the edge of west of Sumatra and the edge of south of Java the sea floor has DROPPED, or sunk.
SEA LEVEL DATA FACILITY

 

<table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="point">Magnitude</td> <td class="point2">mb 6.4</td> </tr> <tr><td class="point">Region</td> <td class="point2">MYANMAR-INDIA BORDER REGION</td> </tr> <tr><td class="point">Date time</td> <td class="point2">2011-02-04 13:53:47.0 UTC</td> </tr> <tr><td class="point">Location</td> <td class="point2">24.64 N ; 94.72 E</td> </tr> <tr><td class="point">Depth</td> <td class="point2">92 km</td> </tr> <tr><td class="point">Distances</td> <td>81 km E Imphal (pop 223,523 ; local time 19:23:47.4 2011-02-04)
71 km E Thoubal (pop 44,493 ; local time 20:23:47.4 2011-02-04)
66 km E Yairipok (pop 8,797 ; local time 20:23:47.4 2011-02-04)</td></tr></tbody> </table>

 

นักวิทยาศาสตร์รัสเซียคาดว่าโลกจะเข้าสู่ยุค Ice Age ปี 2014

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จากข้อสรุปหัวหน้านักวิทยาศาสตร์ขององค์กรวิจัยอวกาศของรัสเซีย ดร Habibullo Abdussamatov ได้คาดการณ์ว่าโลกเข้าสู่ยุคน้ำแข็ง อีกครั้งซึ่งจะเริ่มประมาณปี 2014 ซึ่งเคยเกิดขึ้นแล้วระหว่างปี 1650 - 1850 ซึ่งเป็นช่วงเดียวกับที่พระอาทิตย์มีจุดดับน้อยมาก และคาดการณ์ว่าจุดดับอาจจะต่ำสุดประมาณปี 2042 ซึ่งโลกจะมีอุณหภูมิต่ำสุดระหว่างปี 2055-2060
ซึ่งเขาได้กล่างเสริมอีกว่าในช่วงศตวรรตที่ 20 พระอาทิตย์มีปฏิกริยาสูงมาก และยาวนาน ซึ่งส่งผลกระทบให้โลกร้อน ซึ่งมีหลายคนคาดว่าเป็นเพราะฝีมือมนุษย์ ซึ่งถ้าเป็นเช่นนั้น ก็าซคาร์บอนได้ออกไซต์ก็ไม่มีผลมากนักต่อปรากฏการณ์โลกร้อน
แหล่งข่าว www.1776nation.com/article.php




New Ice Age to Begin in 2014 - Russian Scientist to Global Alarmists: "Sun Heats Earth!"

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January 3, 2011

By Jerome R. Corsi

As the Obama administration prepares to move ahead with its global warming ideological agenda, Russian scientists are worried we are entering a new ice age.

Speaking to an international climate change meeting in Chicago in May 2010, Dr. Habibullo Abdussamatov, the head of the space research at St. Petersburg's Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory in Russia, predicted a new "Little Ice Age" would begin in the year 2014, four years from now.

The "Little Ice Age," known in scientific circles as the Medieval Warm Period is typically defined as having extended for some two hundred years during the 16th to the 19th centuries, beginning around 1650 and extending through 1850.

In 2003-2005, Abdussamatov predicted a reduction of sunspot activity that would reach a new deep minimum of sunspot activity in 2042, resulting in a deep global temperature minimum to be reached in the years 2055-2060.

"My predictions are looking better and better with each passing year," Abdussamatov commented.

Science Bulletin: "Sun heats Earth!"

Abdussamatov has published a paper in which he tracks sunspot activity going back into the 19th century to argue that total sun irradiance, or TSI, is the primary factor responsible for causing climate variations on Earth, not carbon dioxide.

Moreover, Abdussamatov's analysis of sun activity data has led him to conclude that the Earth is entering a prolonged cooling phase because sunspot activity is currently in a phase regarded as a "minimum."

"Observations of the sun show that as for the increase in temperature, carbon doioxide is 'not guilty,'" Abdussamatov wrote, "and as for what lies ahead in the coming decades, it is not catastrophic warming, but a global, and very prolonged temperature drop."

Abdussamatov's paper is featured on page 140 of 2009 report issued by the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, http://www.epw.senate.gov/<wbr>public/<wbr>index.cfm?FuseAction=Minority.Blogs&ContentRecord_id=10fe77b0-802a-23ad-4df1-fc38ed4f85e3 documenting more than 700 scientists who disagree over the proposition that global warming is a man-made, or anthropogenic phenomenon.

As historical support for his theory, Abdussamatov cited the observations in 1893 made by the English astronomer Walter Maunder who came to the conclusion that from 1645 to 1715, sunspots had been generally absent, which coincided with the middle and coldest part of the severe temperature dip known as the "Little Ice Age" that stretched from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries.

Abdussamatov also observed "the most significant solar event in the 20th century was the extraordinarily high level and the prolonged (virtually over the entire century) increase in the energy radiated by the sun," resulting in the global warming that today climate alarmists believe is man-made phenomenon. (Parenthesis in original text.)

"The intense solar energy flow radiated since the beginning of the 1990s is slowly and decreasingly and, in spite of conventional opinion, there is now an unavoidable advance toward a global decrease, a deep temperature drop comparable to the Maunder minimum," he wrote.

Abdussamatov contends that over the past decade, global temperature on the Earth has not increased; global warming has ceased, and already there are signs of the future deep temperature drop.

"The observed global warming of the climate of the Earth is not caused by the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasses, but by extraordinarily high solar intensity that extended over virtually the entire past century," Abdussamatov wrote. "Future decrease in global temperature will occur even if anthropogenic ejection of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere rises to record levels."

Russian space station charged with refining ice age prediction

In his capacity of the head of the Russian-Ukrainian project "Astrometria" on the Russian segment of the International Space Station, Abdussamatov is conducting additional research to refine his prediction that a new Little Ice Age will begin in 2014.

Abdussamatov warned that more precise determination of the date of the onset of the upcoming deep temperature drop and the depth of the decrease in the global temperature of the Earth may not be available for another eight years, awaiting measurements of the form and diameter of the sun currently being made from the Russian segment of the International Space Station the calculations currently being made in the http://www.bobbrinsmead.com/<wbr>e_Abdussamatov.html Russian-Ukrainan project "Astrometria" that Abdussamatov is now directing.

"If the Astrometria project is developed in time," Abdussamatov said, "we will be able to develop a more precise forecast of the duration and the depth of the approaching new Little Ice Age and to understand the reasons of cyclical changes taking place in the interior of the sun and the ways they affect the Earth and various scopes of human activity."

Abdussamatov's theory is that "long-term variations in the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth are the main and principal reasons driving and defining the whole mechanism of climatic changes from the global warming to the Little Ice Ages to the big glacial periods."

In the conclusion to his speech, Abdussamatov took on global warming hysterics that want to diminish human use of hydrocarbon fuels, encouraging instead that a reasonable way to combat coming cooling trends would be "to maintain economical growth in order to adapt to the upcoming new Little Ice Age in the middle of the 21st century."

Abdussamatov's research amounts to a sharp rebuke to climate alarmists who believe human-generated carbon dioxide is responsible for causing catastrophic global warming, issuing instead what to many global warming alarmists would amount to a news flash announcing "Sun Heats Earth!"

 

World of two halves! Map shows most of Northern Hemisphere is covered in snow and ice



By Daily Mail Reporter
Last updated at 11:00 AM on 3rd February 2011

At first glance it looks like a graphic from a Discovery Channel programme about a distant ice age. But this astonishing picture shows the world as it is today - with half the Northern Hemisphere covered with snow and ice.

The image was released by the National Oceanic And Atmospheric Association (NOAA) on the day half of North America was in the grip of a severe winter storm.

The map was created using multiple satellites from government agencies and the US Air Force.

That Antarctica, the Arctic, Greenland and the frozen wastes of Siberia are covered in white comes as no surprise. But it is the extent to which the line dips down over the Northern Hemisphere that is so remarkable about the image.
Scroll down for video report



A new satellite map by the government agency NOAA shows the extent of the snow blanketing a vast area from the west coast of Canada to eastern China

The shroud of white stretches down from Alaska and sweeps through the Midwest and along to the Eastern seaboard. The bitter cold has reached as far as Texas and northern Mexico where in Ciudad Juarez temperatures today were expected to dip to minus 15C.

In the U.S. tens of millions of people chose to stay at home rather than venture out. In Chicago, 20in of snow fell leading to authorities closing schools for the first time in 12 years. The newspaper for Tulsa, Okalahoma, was unable to publish its print edition for the first time in more than a century.

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This particular storm is the result from two clashing air masses which, if not unprecedented, is extraordinarily rare for its size and ferocious strength.
'A storm that produces a swath of 20in snow is really something we'd see once every 50 years - maybe,' said a U.S. National Weather Service meteorologist.
Louis Uccellini, director of the government's National Centers for Environmental Prediction, said the U.S. storm also drew strength from the La Nina condition currently affecting the tropical Pacific Ocean.

La Nina is a periodic cooling of the surface temperatures of the tropical Pacific Ocean, the opposite of the better-known El Nino warming. Both can have significant impacts on weather around the world by changing the movement of winds and high and low pressure systems.

Hundreds of drivers on Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, which was blasted by 20 inches of snow, abandoned their cars in an almost apocalyptic scene as authorities closed the road

The NOAA image shows how the weather is affecting Scotland and begins in earnest from southern Germany, through Italy and down into Greece, Turkey and Iran. Northern areas of India and China are also affected.
The startling image was released on the same day Al Gore stepped up to defend his claim that global warming causes the bitterly cold weather. Thirty states in America are affected by a two-day blizzard.

Writing in his blog Al's Journal, he said: 'As it turns out, the scientific community has been addressing this particular question for some time now and they say that increased heavy snowfalls are completely consistent with what they have been predicting as a consequence of man-made global warming.'
His response came after Fox News pundit Bill O'Reilly challenged the former Vice President to give his thoughts on 'why southern New York has turned into the tundra'. Generally, the view put forward on global warming is that it would lead to expanding deserts and rising temperatures.
Mother Nature's wrath is not confined to the top half of the world, of course.

Cyclone Yasi, with a destructive core of more than 20 miles wide, smashed into Queensland in north east Australian overnight with 186mph winds. Authorities are calling it the worst storm to hit the country for generations.









A scene from sci-fi film The Day After Tomorrow? No, these are cars stuck in the northbound lanes of Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, after accidents and drifting snow stranded the drivers during last night's blizzard. As of late morning more than 20in of snow had fallen, making this snowstorm the third largest recorded in the city

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Eileen Black takes pictures inside of a Chicago Transit bus that was stranded overnight. The blizzard caused havoc in a city well used to dealing with big snowfalls

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Enlarge

You waiting? I'm walking! While one man waits for a bus in Chicago, another decides to make his way on foot through a snowstorm. A woman, right, wades through a snow drift in the city that comes up to her waist

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By foot is the sure way to get to where you want to as this woman (left) and these men found

Coming through: A snowplough clears a street in a suburban area of Chicago

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Enlarge

From one end of the U.S. to the other the impact of the blizzard has been felt. Left, a woman makes her way along an icy pavement in New York while, right, ice covers a statue in Ciudad Juarez, northern Mexico

Like bizarre creatures rising up out of the ground, these trees are clad in snow and ice after bitterly cold weather in northern Japan. Savouring the unique scenery skiers make their way downhill in at the Zao Onsen ski resort

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The bitterly cold weather covering the northern hemisphere has meant that the Hei Longjiang river in north-east China has frozen so thickly that lorries can cross it from Russia leading to a boom in trade

The impact of extreme weather is being felt in north-east Australia where Cyclone Yasi has struck along the coast of Queensland. Here, outside Innisfail, motorists wait for water to subside over the Bruce Highway

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เพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวข้องกับสนามแม่เหล็กโลก และพระอาทิตย์

• 
• Administration

Panic stations! New theory behind climate change - English pravda.ru

บทความคล้ายๆกับบทความอันแรก แต่กล่าวถึงเรื่องพระอาทิตย์จุดฉนวนสภาพอากาศที่ร้ายแรงบนโลก บวกกับความแปรปรวนของสนามแม่เหล็กโลก


ดังรายละเอียดด้านล่าง

Panic stations! New theory behind climate change

07.02.2011

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The Earth's magnetic pole is inexplicably shifting, creating unstoppable forces generating monster storms which we have seen at the beginning of 2011. There is evidence that a cycle of super-storms has started, the latest being the gigantic ice storm across North America. Is this the beginning of a new Ice Age?



Frightening new evidence begins to surface about the Earth's wobble, its effect on the climate and the beginning of a new Ice Age, heralded by a series of monster storms such as those unleashed on the UK in late 2010, the USA before Christmas and now again at the beginning of February and Eastern Australia, first with its worst flooding ever and then with a Category 5 hurricane.

The latest storm to hit the USA has affected 150 million people and stretches across 2,000 miles of territory, according to the research presented in the article "Magnetic polar shifts causing massive global superstorms". In Australia, unprecedented rains saw sharks swimming along the streets of towns and so much water fell, that "Shocked authorities now numbly concede that some of the water may never dissipate and have wearily resigned themselves to the possibility that region will now contain a small inland sea".

Then struck Yasi with its winds of almost 200 mph - 22 per cent faster that a Category 5 hurricane. "Yet Yasi may only be a foretaste of future super-storms. Some climate researchers, monitoring the rapidly shifting magnetic field, are predicting super-storms in the future with winds as high as 300 to 400mph," states researcher Terrence Aym.

What is happening? อะไรกำลังเกิดขึ้น

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According to the research, a change in the Sun's electromagnetic field is reacting with the Earth's, having an effect not only on the Earth's magnetosphere, but also its wobble, the dynamics of its core, the Ocean currents and the weather. The result is that the Earth's magnetic core has been shifting 40 miles to the East annually over the last decade, as opposed to the 5-mile average. Worse, it is accelerating.

Terrence Aym reveals NASA reports which indicate the Earth's magnetic field now shows cracks, affecting the ionosphere and troposphere wind patterns; the work also quotes the Federal Agency NOAA, which "issued a report caused a flurry of panic when they predicted that mammoth superstorms in the future could wipe out most of California."
Even more worrying is the quote from The Economist in a detailed article about the magnetic field: "There is, however, a growing body of evidence that the Earth's magnetic
field is about to disappear, at least for a while.

The geological record shows that it flips from time to time, with the south pole becoming the north, and vice versa. On average, such reversals take place every 500,000 years, but there is no discernible pattern. Flips have happened as close together as 50,000 years, though the last one was 780,000 years ago. But, as discussed at the Greenland Space Science Symposium, held in Kangerlussuaq this week, the signs are that another flip is coming soon."

Not only that...all the signs are there for the beginning of a new Ice Age.

Terrence Aym
Magnetic polar shifts causing massive global superstorms
Magnetic polar shifts causing massive global superstorms - by Terrence Aym - Helium

Timofei Belov
Pravda.Ru

 

แหล่งข้อมูล

The solar wind speed and magnetic fields inside the Earth's orbit on ecliptic plane are drawn. The sun is located at the center of the image, and black circle stands for the Earth. Color contours show the solar wind speed. Black (White) ticks show magnetic fields whose direction is away from (toward) the sun.

ความเร็วลมสุริยะและสนามแม่เหล็กในวงโคจรของโลกถูกวาดไว้ดังรูปข้างบน
ตรงกลางคือ พระอาทิตย์
และลูกกลมๆ ดำๆ คือ โลก
สีต่างๆ บอกถึงความเร็วลมสุริยะ

เส้นดำและขาวคือ เส้นสนามแม่เหล็กซึ่งต่างทิศทางกัน
ดำ คือ สนามแม่เหล็กที่หันออกจากพระอาทิตย์
ขาว คือ สนามแม่เหล็กที่หันไปทางพระอาทิตย์

 

ยังมีอีกอันที่น้ำแข็งลูกใหญ่ๆ จากฟ้าหล่นมาเป็นก้อนๆ อันนี้น่าจะเกิดขึ้นในอนาคตด้วย :'(

 

Gamma-ray Detectors

<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr><td> How Do You Detect a Gamma-Ray?

Gamma-rays, like visible light, are made up of packets of energy called photons. However, in the case of gamma-rays, the photons have millions of times more energy than in visible light. Gamma-rays are detected by observing the effects they have on matter. A gamma-ray can do a few basic things with matter. It can collide with an electron and bounce off it like a billiard ball (Compton scatter) or it can push an electron to a higher energy level (photoelectric ionization). Also, since gamma-rays have so much energy, part of this energy can be transformed into matter directly by creating an electron and another particle called a positron (pair production). All of these interactions cause electrons to move in some way, which basically means that an electric current has been created. These currents can then be amplified and measured to estimate the energy and direction of the original gamma-ray.

</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Can You Focus Gamma-Rays?

Visible light can be focused by using mirrors or lenses to bend the paths of the photons and concentrate them in one place. This creates a sharper, brighter image. Focusing means to bend the photon's path without changing its energy too much, and that is not easy to do with gamma-rays. Mirrors and lenses don't work with gamma-rays very well. When a gamma-ray hits matter (like in a mirror or lens), it will interact with the material in such a way as to destroy the gamma-ray or change its energy by a large amount. This means that images we have from the gamma-ray region are not as sharp (that is, they have poorer angular resolution) than images taken in the visible or most other wavelengths. Sources of cosmic gamma-rays are extremely weak (that is, they produce relatively few gamma-ray photons for us to detect in the vicinity of Earth) and require long observations, sometimes several weeks, to get a significant detection or accurate measurement of a source. Focusing helps to increase our ability to detect the "signal" from the cosmic source.

Basic Types of Gamma-ray Detectors

<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3"><tbody><tr><td align="CENTER">
Diagram of a
Compton Scatter Telescope</td> <td> Gamma-ray detectors can be placed in two broad classes. The first are what would typically be called spectrometers or photometers in optical astronomy. These are instruments which are "light buckets" and focus on a region of the sky containing the object of interest collecting as many photons as possible. These types of detectors typically use scintillators or solid-state detectors to transform the gamma-ray into optical or electronic signals which are then recorded.
The second class are detectors which perform the difficult task of gamma-ray imaging. Detectors of this type either rely on the nature of the gamma-ray interaction process, such as pair production or Compton scattering, to calculate the arrival direction of the incoming photon, or they use a device such as a coded-mask to allow an image to be reconstructed.
So you may ask, "Why look at gamma-rays?". The answer is that some very important events in the Universe, like supernovae or matter falling into black holes, radiate large amounts of energy in the gamma region. In addition, gamma-ray detectors have revealed completely new discoveries like gamma-ray bursts. Simply put, without gamma-ray detectors some important questions about our Universe just could not be answered.
</td></tr></tbody></table>

The History of Gamma-ray Astronomy

Long before experiments could detect gamma-rays emitted by cosmic sources, scientists had known that the Universe should be producing such high energy photons. Hard work by several brilliant scientists had shown us that a number of different processes which were occurring in the Universe would result in gamma-ray emission. These processes included cosmic ray interactions with interstellar gas, supernova explosions, and interactions of energetic electrons with magnetic fields. In the 1960s, we finally developed the ability to actually detect these emissions and we have been looking at them ever since! <table border="0"> <tbody><tr><td align="LEFT">
</td> <td>Gamma-rays coming from space are mostly absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. So gamma-ray astronomy could not develop until it was possible to get our detectors above all or most of the atmosphere, using balloons or spacecraft. The first gamma-ray telescope carried into orbit, on the Explorer XI satellite in 1961, picked up fewer than 100 cosmic gamma-ray photons. These appeared to come from all directions in the Universe, implying some sort of uniform "gamma-ray background". Such a background would be expected from the interaction of cosmic rays (very energetic charged particles in space) with gas found between the stars.
</td></tr> </tbody></table>
Additional gamma-ray experiments flew on the OGO, OSO, Vela, and Russian Cosmos series of satellites. However, the first satellite designed as a "dedicated" gamma-ray mission was the second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) in 1972. It lasted only seven months due to an electrical problem, but provided an exciting view into the high-energy Universe (sometimes called the 'violent' Universe, because the kinds of events in space that produce gamma-rays tend to be explosions, high-speed collisions, and such!). In 1975, the European Space Agency launched a similar satellite, COS-B, which operated until 1982. These two satellites, SAS-2 and COS-B, confirmed the earlier findings of the gamma-ray background, and also detected a number of point sources. However, the poor resolution of the instruments made it impossible to identify most of these point sources with individual stars or stellar systems.
<table> <tbody><tr><td>
</td> <td>Show me a movie about Dr. Compton

• AVI format (1.1 MB)
  Quicktime format (1.2 MB)
  Description

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The man seen in this image is Dr. Arthur Holly Compton. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927 for his work on the scattering of high-energy photons by electrons - which is something very basic to most gamma-ray detection techniques. The Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory was named in his honor after it went into orbit in April 1991. It continued to operate until June 2000, giving scientists the best look they have ever gotten of the gamma-ray universe.
So what are gamma-rays and what can they tell us about the cosmos? Gamma-rays are the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, with over 10,000 times more energy than visible light photons. If you could see gamma-rays, the night sky would look strange and unfamiliar. The familiar sights of constantly shining stars and galaxies would be replaced by something ever-changing. Your gamma-ray vision would peer into the hearts of solar flares, supernovae, neutron stars, black holes, and active galaxies. Gamma-ray astronomy presents unique opportunities to explore these exotic objects. By exploring the universe at these high energies, scientists can search for new physics, testing theories and performing experiments which are not possible in earth-bound laboratories.
<table> <tbody><tr><td></td> <td>Show me a movie about gamma-ray astronomy!

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Gamma-Ray Observing Platforms

Most gamma-rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Thus, cosmic gamma-rays are typically observed from high-altitude balloons and satellites.

• Tell me more about how scientists "see" gamma-rays

Balloons

Balloons are often the ideal vehicle for science payloads. At energies greater than about 30 keV, hard (more energetic) X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy can be done from balloons. At these high photon energies, being above 99.7 % of the Earth's atmosphere (which is where you are with a balloon float altitude of 40 km) is as good as being above 100 % of the atmosphere! Balloon-borne hard X-ray and gamma-ray imaging telescopes provided the first images of the sky in the energy range 20-1000 keV. They discovered black hole candidate sources in the galactic center region, first imaged the cobalt-decay gamma-rays from the spectacular supernova SN 1987A, and provided the first capability to localize (and thus study) high-energy sources for comparison with more detailed lower-energy X-ray observations.
In the past, balloon flights typically remained at float altitude from several hours to one or two days, at best. Nowadays, however, there are balloons called Long-Duration Balloons (or LDBs) which typically stay aloft for 3 weeks or more. They can carry a payload of over 2000 kg, with active experiment areas of up to 30 m²! Perhaps just as importantly in the modern era, balloon experiments are relatively inexpensive (when compared to satellite missions). Ballooning today is not the same as ballooning in the past!

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Filling the balloon for a flight of the GRIP payload​

Satellites


Satellites provide an excellent platform from which to observe cosmic gamma-rays. One reason is that the intensity, or flux, of cosmic gamma-rays arriving at the Earth is very low when compared to other sources of high-energy photons. Thus, staying in orbit observing for many months or years allows scientists to gather more and more cosmic gamma-rays. The more "real" gamma-rays they collect, the better their data analysis can be. Since 1961 when the first satellite went into orbit carrying a detector sensitive to energies greater than 50 MeV, many satellites have flown to observe cosmic gamma-rays. While the first satellite, Explorer-11 detected only 22 cosmic gamma-rays, 621 events attributable to cosmic gamma-rays were detected by the OSO-3 satellite in 1967. Since then, the sensitivity of the detectors has increased by factors of 1000! This has allowed scientists to make many fascinating discoveries in the high-energy universe. For example, they have mapped the diffuse gamma-ray background, found gamma-ray pulsars, and discovered the still-unexplained cosmic gamma-ray bursts! NASA's Wind satellite, pictured on the right, has 2 instruments which have been monitoring these bursts since 1994.

Targets of Gamma-ray Observations

Observing the Universe in gamma-rays allows us to examine things which are happening that cannot be seen with ordinary telescopes and, yet, which are very important in helping us to understand how matter and radiation interact with each other. This is especially true for understanding their interaction under extreme conditions, such as where temperatures are hundreds of millions of degrees, matter is very dense, or magnetic fields are very strong. Some specific targets include:

<table><tbody><tr><td>Gamma-ray Bursts
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</td> <td>Black Holes and Neutron Stars
</td></tr> <tr><td>Supernovae
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</td> <td>Pulsars
</td></tr> <tr><td>Unidentified Sources
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</td> <td>Diffuse Emission
</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3" align="center"> Active Galaxies: Seyferts and Quasars</td></tr></tbody></table>

 

มี solar flare ระัดับ M อีกแระ


February 9, 2011



Sunspots and active regions

The following regions with sunspots can be now observed on the Sun's surface
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</td> </tr> <tr> <th width="1%"> Group number </th> <th width="10%"> Sunspots Location on the Sun </th> <th width="11%"> The number of spots in the group </th> <th width="20%"> The classification by the Zurich's modified system </th> <th width="30%"> Area (millions of shares of the solar hemisphere) </th> <th width="9%"> Group length (in degrees) </th> <th width="16%"> Carrington Longitude (in degrees) </th> <th class="last" width="1%"> Group's magnet type </th> </tr> <tr class="separator_1"> <td>
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</td> </tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"> № 1153 </td> <td> N15 W71 </td> <td class="center"> 08 </td> <td class="center"> Dko </td> <td class="center"> 0080 </td> <td class="center"> 05 </td> <td class="center"> 171 </td> <td class="center"> Beta </td> </tr> <tr class="separator_1"> <td>
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</td> </tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"> № 1154 </td> <td> N08 W51 </td> <td class="center"> 01 </td> <td class="center"> Hrx </td> <td class="center"> 0010 </td> <td class="center"> 01 </td> <td class="center"> 152 </td> <td class="center"> Alpha </td> </tr> <tr class="separator_1"> <td>
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</td> </tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"> № 1155 </td> <td> N17 E26 </td> <td class="center"> 03 </td> <td class="center"> Cro </td> <td class="center"> 0010 </td> <td class="center"> 02 </td> <td class="center"> 075 </td> <td class="center"> Beta </td> </tr> <tr class="separator_1"> <td>
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</td> </tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"> № 1156 </td> <td> S19 E43 </td> <td class="center"> 06 </td> <td class="center"> Cro </td> <td class="center"> 0010 </td> <td class="center"> 04 </td> <td class="center"> 063 </td> <td class="center"> Beta </td> </tr> <tr class="separator_1"> <td>
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</td> </tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"> № 1157 </td> <td> N22 E36 </td> <td class="center"> 03 </td> <td class="center"> Cro </td> <td class="center"> 0010 </td> <td class="center"> 01 </td> <td class="center"> 064 </td> <td class="center"> Beta </td> </tr> </tbody></table> Coordinates and other characteristics of active regions are issued for February 09, 2011 00:31 UT