น่าทึ่ง!!! John Titor มนุษย์อนาคตผู้ย้อนเวลามาจากปี ค.ศ. 2036

A Slideshow Of timetraveler_0: The John Titer Story




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Time travel

Time travel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Via faster-than-light (FTL) travel

If one were able to move information or matter from one point to another faster than light, then according to special relativity, there would be some inertial frame of reference in which the signal or object was moving backward in time. This is a consequence of the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity, which says that in some cases different reference frames will disagree on whether two events at different locations happened "at the same time" or not, and they can also disagree on the order of the two events (technically, these disagreements occur when the spacetime interval between the events is 'space-like', meaning that neither event lies in the future light cone of the other).[23] If one of the two events represents the sending of a signal from one location and the second event represents the reception of the same signal at another location, then as long as the signal is moving at the speed of light or slower, the mathematics of simultaneity ensures that all reference frames agree that the transmission-event happened before the reception-event.[23]

However, in the case of a hypothetical signal moving faster than light, there would always be some frames in which the signal was received before it was sent, so that the signal could be said to have moved backwards in time. And since one of the two fundamental postulates of special relativity says that the laws of physics should work the same way in every inertial frame, then if it is possible for signals to move backwards in time in any one frame, it must be possible in all frames. This means that if observer A sends a signal to observer B which moves FTL (faster than light) in A's frame but backwards in time in B's frame, and then B sends a reply which moves FTL in B's frame but backwards in time in A's frame, it could work out that A receives the reply before sending the original signal, a clear violation of causality in every frame. An illustration of such a scenario using spacetime diagrams can be found here.[24]

According to special relativity, it would take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate a slower-than-light object to the speed of light. Although relativity does not forbid the theoretical possibility of tachyons which move faster than light at all times, when analyzed using quantum field theory, it seems that it would not actually be possible to use them to transmit information faster than light,[25] and that there is no evidence for their existence.

 

Time Control Technologies and Methods

An overview by Dr. David Lewis Anderson
The ability to control time in both a forward and backwards direction is possible within the laws of our mathematics and physics. The chart below (click for larger view) compares ten different technologies an methods. Key characteristics are identified for each and described below.



Under each key characteristic is a column with either a solid or empty circle. A solid circle indicates a key characteristic is supported by the indicated technology or method, an empty circle indicates it is not.

"Time Control" indicates whether travel to future, past, or both are possible. "Matter Transport" is solid if both matter and information can be transported, empty if only information can be transported. "Tech Viability" is solid if the technology or method is viable with present state-of-the-art technology or within two generations. "Possible Without Exotic Materials" is solid if materials required are available today or within two generations. "Relatively Low Input Power" is solid if time control is achievable within power generation capabilities available today or within two generations.

The time control technologies and methods above include the following:

<table style="width: 100%"><tbody><tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Quantum Tunneling: is an evanescent wave coupling effect that occurs in quantum mechanics. The correct wavelength combined with the proper tunneling barrier makes it possible to pass signals faster than light, backwards in time. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44" style="height: 20px">
</td> <td style="height: 20px">
</td> <td style="height: 20px">
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Near-Lightspeed Travel: has the ability to significantly dilate time, sending an accelerating traveler rapidly forward in time relative to those left behind before her travel. The closer to the speed of light, the further into the future the travel. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44">
</td> <td>
</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Alcubierre Warp Drive: stretches spacetime in a wave causing the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship can ride the wave to accelerate to high speeds and time travel. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44">
</td> <td>
</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Faster-than-Light Travel: is a controversial subject. According to special relativity anything that could travel faster-than-light would move backward in time. As the same time, special relativity states that this would require infinite energy. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44">
</td> <td>
</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Time-warped Fields: use energy within curvatures of spacetime around a rotating mass or energy field to generate containable and controllable fields of closed-timelike curves that can move matter and information forward or backward in time. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44">
</td> <td>
</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Circulating Light Beams: can be created using gamma and magnetic fields to warp time. The approach can twist space that causes time to be twisted, meaning you could theoretically walk through time as you walk through space. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44">
</td> <td>
</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Wormholes: are hypothetical areas of warped spacetime with great energy that can create tunnels through spacetime. if traversable would allow a traveler to quickly move through great distances in space and also travel through time. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44">
</td> <td>
</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Cosmic Strings: are a hypothetical 1-dimensional (spatially) topological defect in the fabric of spacetime left over from the formation of the universe. Interaction could create fields of closed timelike curves permitting backwards time travel. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44">
</td> <td>
</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Tipler Cylinder: uses a massive and long cylinder spinning around its longitudinal axis. The rotation creates a frame-dragging effect and fields of closed timelike curves traversable in a way to achieve subluminal time travel to the past. </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44">
</td> <td>
</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style44"> </td> <td>
</td> <td>Casimir Effect: a physical force arising from a quantized field, for example between two uncharged plates. This can produce a locally mass-negative region of space-time that could stabilize a wormhole to allow faster than light travel. </td></tr></tbody></table>

 

Quantum Tunneling

An Overview and Comparison by Dr. David Lewis Anderson

Quantum Tunneling is an evanescent wave coupling effect that occurs in quantum mechanics. The correct wavelength combined with the proper tunneling barrier makes it possible to pass signals faster than light, backwards in time.



In the diagram above light pulses consisting of waves of various frequencies are shot toward a 10 centimeter chamber containing cesium vapor. All information about the incoming pulse is contained in the leading edge of its waves. This information is all the cesium atoms need to replicate the pulse and send it out the other side.

At the same time it is believed an opposite wave rebounds inside the chamber cancelling out the main part of the incoming pulse as it enters the chamber. By this time the new pulse, moving faster than the speed of light, has traveled about 60 feet beyond the chamber. Essentially the pulse has left the chamber before it finished entering, traveling backwards in time.

The key characteristics of the application of quantum tunneling for time control and time travel are presented in the picture below. This is followed by more detail describing the phenomenon below.



Wave-mechanical tunneling (also called quantum-mechanical tunneling, quantum tunneling, and the tunnel effect) is an evanescent wave coupling effect that occurs in the context of quantum mechanics because the behavior of particles is governed by Schrödinger's wave-equation. All wave equations exhibit evanescent wave coupling effects if the conditions are right. Wave coupling effects mathematically equivalent to those called "tunneling" in quantum mechanics can occur with Maxwell's wave-equation (both with light and with microwaves), and with the common non-dispersive wave-equation often applied (for example) to waves on strings and to acoustics.

For these effects to occur there must be a situation where a thin region of "medium type 2" is sandwiched between two regions of "medium type 1", and the properties of these media have to be such that the wave equation has "traveling-wave" solutions in medium type 1, but "real exponential solutions" (rising and falling) in medium type 2. In optics, medium type 1 might be glass, medium type 2 might be vacuum. In quantum mechanics, in connection with motion of a particle, medium type 1 is a region of space where the particle total energy is greater than its potential energy, medium type 2 is a region of space (known as the "barrier") where the particle total energy is less than its potential energy.

If conditions are right, amplitude from a traveling wave, incident on medium type 2 from medium type 1, can "leak through" medium type 2 and emerge as a traveling wave in the second region of medium type 1 on the far side. If the second region of medium type 1 is not present, then the traveling wave incident on medium type 2 is totally reflected, although it does penetrate into medium type 2 to some extent. Depending on the wave equation being used, the leaked amplitude is interpreted physically as traveling energy or as a traveling particle, and, numerically, the ratio of the square of the leaked amplitude to the square of the incident amplitude gives the proportion of incident energy transmitted out the far side, or (in the case of the Schrödinger equation) the probability that the particle "tunnels" through the barrier.

Quantum Tunneling Introduction

<table align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Quantum Tunneling</td> </tr> </tbody></table> The scale on which these "tunneling-like phenomena" occur depends on the wavelength of the traveling wave. For electrons the thickness of "medium type 2" (called in this context "the tunneling barrier") is typically a few nanometers; for alpha-particles tunneling out of a nucleus the thickness is very much less; for the analogous phenomenon involving light the thickness is very much greater.

With Schrödinger's wave-equation, the characteristic that defines the two media discussed above is the kinetic energy of the particle if it is considered as an object that could be located at a point. In medium type 1 the kinetic energy would be positive, in medium type 2 the kinetic energy would be negative. There is no inconsistency in this, because particles cannot physically be located at a point: they are always spread out ("delocalized") to some extent, and the kinetic energy of the delocalized object is always positive.

What is true is that it is sometimes mathematically convenient to treat particles as behaving like points, particular in the context of Newton's Second Law and classical mechanics generally. In the past, people thought that the success of classical mechanics meant that particles could always and in all circumstances be treated as if they were located at points. But there never was any convincing experimental evidence that this was true when very small objects and very small distances are involved, and we now know that this viewpoint was mistaken. However, because it is still traditional to teach students early in their careers that particles behave like points, it sometimes comes as a big surprise for people to discover that it is well established that traveling physical particles always physically obey a wave-equation (even when it is convenient to use the mathematics of moving points). Clearly, a hypothetical classical point particle analyzed according to Newton's Laws could not enter a region where its kinetic energy would be negative. But, a real delocalized object, that obeys a wave-equation and always has positive kinetic energy, can leak through such a region if conditions are right. An approach to tunneling that avoids mention of the concept of "negative kinetic energy" is set out below in the section on "Schrödinger equation tunneling basics".

<table style="width: 204px" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44" style="width: 200px" valign="top">
Reflection and tunneling of an electron
wave packet directed at a potential barrier.
The bright spot moving to the left is the
reflected part of the wave packet. A very
dim spot can be seen moving to the right
of the barrier. This is the small fraction of
the wave packet that tunnels through the
classically forbidden barrier. Also notice
the interference fringes between the
incoming and reflected waves.
</td> </tr> </tbody></table> An electron approaching a barrier has to be represented as a wave-train. This wave-train can sometimes be quite long – electrons in some materials can be 10 to 20 nm long. This makes animations difficult. If it were legitimate to represent the electron by a short wave-train, then tunneling could be represented as in the animation alongside.

It is sometimes said that tunneling occurs only in quantum mechanics. Unfortunately, this statement is a bit of linguistic conjuring trick. As indicated above, "tunneling-type" evanescent-wave phenomena occur in other contexts too. But, until recently, it has only been in quantum mechanics that evanescent wave coupling has been called "tunneling". (However, there is an increasing tendency to use the label "tunneling" in other contexts too, and the names "photon tunneling" and "acoustic tunneling" are now used in the research literature.)

With regards to the mathematics of tunneling, a special problem arises. For simple tunneling-barrier models, such as the rectangular barrier, the Schrödinger equation can be solved exactly to give the value of the tunneling probability (sometimes called the "transmission coefficient"). Calculations of this kind make the general physical nature of tunneling clear. One would also like to be able to calculate exact tunneling probabilities for barrier models that are physically more realistic. However, when appropriate mathematical descriptions of barriers are put into the Schrödinger equation, then the result is an awkward non-linear differential equation. Usually, the equation is of a type where it is known to be mathematically impossible in principle to solve the equation exactly in terms of the usual functions of mathematical physics, or in any other simple way. Mathematicians and mathematical physicists have been working on this problem since at least 1813, and have been able to develop special methods for solving equations of this kind approximately. In physics these are known as "semi-classical" or "quasi-classical" methods. A common semi-classical method is the so-called WKB approximation (also known as the "JWKB approximation"). The first known attempt to use such methods to solve a tunneling problem in physics was made in 1928, in the context of field electron emission. It is sometimes considered that the first people to get the mathematics of applying this kind of approximation to tunneling fully correct (and to give reasonable mathematical proof that they had done so) were N. Fröman and P.O. Fröman, in 1965. Their complex ideas have not yet made it into theoretical-physics textbooks, which tend to give simpler (but slightly more approximate) versions of the theory. An outline of one particular semi-classical method is given below.

<table align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> Three notes may be helpful. In general, students taking physics courses in quantum mechanics are presented with problems (such as the quantum mechanics of the hydrogen atom) for which exact mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger equation exist. Tunneling through a realistic barrier is a reasonably basic physical phenomenon. So it is sometimes the first problem that students encounter where it is mathematically impossible in principle to solve the Schrödinger equation exactly in any simple way. Thus, it may also be the first occasion on which they encounter the "semi-classical-method" mathematics needed to solve the Schrödinger equation approximately for such problems. Not surprisingly, this mathematics is likely to be unfamiliar, and may feel "odd". Unfortunately, it also comes in several different variants, which doesn't help.

Also, some accounts of tunneling seem to be written from a philosophical viewpoint that a particle is "really" point-like, and just has wave-like behavior. There is very little experimental evidence to support this viewpoint. A preferable philosophical viewpoint is that the particle is "really" delocalized and wave-like, and always exhibits wave-like behavior, but that in some circumstances it is convenient to use the mathematics of moving points to describe its motion. This second viewpoint is used in this section. The precise nature of this wave-like behavior is, however, a much deeper matter, beyond the scope of this article on tunneling.

Although the phenomenon under discussion here is usually called "quantum tunneling" or "quantum-mechanical tunneling", it is the wave-like aspects of particle behavior that are important in tunneling theory, rather than effects relating to the quantization of the particle's energy states. For this reason, some writers prefer to call the phenomenon "wave-mechanical tunneling.
History

By 1928, George Gamow had solved the theory of the alpha decay of a nucleus via tunneling. Classically, the particle is confined to the nucleus because of the high energy requirement to escape the very strong potential. Under this system, it takes an enormous amount of energy to pull apart the nucleus. In quantum mechanics, however, there is a probability the particle can tunnel through the potential and escape. Gamow solved a model potential for the nucleus and derived a relationship between the half-life of the particle and the energy of the emission.

Alpha decay via tunneling was also solved concurrently by Ronald Gurney and Edward Condon. Shortly thereafter, both groups considered whether particles could also tunnel into the nucleus.

After attending a seminar by Gamow, Max Born recognized the generality of quantum-mechanical tunneling. He realized that the tunneling phenomenon was not restricted to nuclear physics, but was a general result of quantum mechanics that applies to many different systems. Today the theory of tunneling is even applied to the early cosmology of the universe.

Quantum tunneling was later applied to other situations, such as the cold emission of electrons, and perhaps most importantly semiconductor and superconductor physics. Phenomena such as field emission, important to flash memory, are explained by quantum tunneling. Tunneling is a source of major current leakage in Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) electronics, and results in the substantial power drain and heating effects that plague high-speed and mobile technology.

Another major application is in electron-tunneling microscopes which can resolve objects that are too small to see using conventional microscopes. Electron tunneling microscopes overcome the limiting effects of conventional microscopes (optical aberrations, wavelength limitations) by scanning the surface of an object with tunneling electrons.

Quantum tunneling has been shown to be a mechanism used by enzymes to enhance reaction rates. It has been demonstrated that enzymes use tunneling to transfer both electrons and nuclei such as hydrogen and deuterium. It has even been shown, in the enzyme glucose oxidase, that oxygen nuclei can tunnel under physiological conditions.

 

Near-Lightspeed Travel

An Overview and Comparison by Dr. David Lewis Anderson

Near-Lightspeed Travel has the ability to significantly dilate time, sending an accelerating traveler rapidly forward in time relative to those left behind before her travel. The closer to the speed of light, the further into the future the travel.



The key characteristics of the application of near-lightspeed travel for time control and time travel are presented in the picture below. This is followed by more detail describing the effect below.

 

John Titor's Time Travel Machine

One of Titor's earlier posts explained his time machine as having:

• Two magnetic housing units for the dual micro singularities
• An electron injection manifold to alter mass and gravity micro singularities
• A cooling and X-ray venting system
• Gravity sensors, or a variable gravity lock
• Four main caesium clocks
• Three main computer units

ความเห็นเกี่ยวกับ Time Machine เครื่องนี้ , zz

- ใช้การต่อต้านสนามแรงโน้มถ่วง เพื่อให้สภาพรอบๆเครื่องกลายเป็นสภาพไร้น้ำหนักหรือไร้แรงเสียดทาน

- เมื่อการต่อต้านสนามแรงโน้มถ่วง (anti-gravity) มีความเข้มข้นมากๆ (และไร้แรงเสียดทาน) วัตถุจะสามารถเดินทางได้ใกล้เคียงความเร็วแสง หรือมากกว่าความเร็วแสง

- พลังงานและมวลของวัตถุ คือสิ่งเดียวกัน สามารถเปลี่ยนกลับไปกลับมาได้ เมื่ออยู่ในความเร็วแสง

จาก

E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum.

เมื่อ C = 1 (เดินทางด้วยความเร็วแสง) ทำให้ E=m (มวลและพลังงานสามารถเปลี่ยนไปกลับไปกลับมาได้ , สสารไม่มีวันหายไปแค่เปลี่ยนเป็นพลังงาน)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence


- เมื่อเกิด Warmhole (รูที่เชื่อมระหว่าง Space-Time, ช่วงเวลา) วัตถุในสนามต่อต้านแรงโน้มถ่วงก็จะสามารถเดินทางข้ามกาลเวลา (Space-Time) ได้

- Time Machine ของ John Titor จึงประกอบด้วยอุปกรณ์สร้าง Anti-gravity , Gravity sensors และ Reference Clock (caesium clocks)

- Time Machine ของ John Titor เป็นแบบ Warmhole เพราะมีเครื่องสร้าง singularity สองเครื่อง (dual micro singularities) เครื่องแรกสำหรับ Space-Time ปัจจุบัน เครื่องที่สองสำหรับ Space-Time (ช่วงเวลา) ที่ต้องการเดินทางไป



การทำงานของ Time Machine แบบ Warmhole

singularity ตัวแรกทำการสร้าง Warmhole ในช่วงเวลาปัจจุบัน เกิดการเดินทางด้วยความเร็วแสง

จากนั้นเมื่อ ต้องการออกจากความเร็วแสง (ถึงที่หมายที่ต้องการ) ก็ใช้ singularity ตัวที่สอง สร้าง Reverse singularity เพื่อออกไปยังช่วงเวลาที่ต้องการ




รูป Single Singularity



.

 

Wormholes

An Overview and Comparison by Dr. David Lewis Anderson

Since the 1930’s, physicists have speculated about the existence of "wormholes" in the fabric of space. Wormholes are hypothetical areas of warped spacetime with great energy that can create tunnels through spacetime. if traversable would allow a traveler to quickly move through great distances in space and also travel through time. The difficulty lies in keeping the wormhole open while the traveler makes his journey: If the opening snaps shut, he will never survive to emerge at the other end.

For years, scientists believed that the transit was physically impossible. But recent research, especially by the U.S. physicist Kip Thorne, suggests that it could be done using exotic materials capable of withstanding the immense forces involved. Even then, the time machine would be of limited use – for example, you could not return to a time before the wormhole was created. Using wormhole technology would also require a society so technologically advanced that it could master and exploit the energy within black holes.



Spacetime can be viewed as a 2D surface (to simplify understanding) that, when 'folded' over, allows the formation of a wormhole bridge. A wormhole has at least two mouths that are connected to a single throat or tube. If the wormhole is traversable, then matter can 'travel' from one mouth to the other by passing through the throat. While there is no observational evidence for wormholes, spacetime containing wormholes are known to be valid solutions in general relativity.

The term wormhole was coined by the American theoretical physicist John Archibald Wheeler in 1957. However, the idea of wormholes had already been theorized in 1921 by the German mathematician Hermann Weyl in connection with his analysis of mass in terms of electromagnetic field energy.

This analysis forces one to consider situations...where there is a net flux of lines of force through what topologists would call a handle of the multiply-connected space and what physicists might perhaps be excused for more vividly terming a ‘wormhole’.

The key characteristics of the application of wormholes for time control and time travel are presented in the picture below. This is followed by more detail describing the science below.


Definition

The basic notion of an intra-universe wormhole is that it is a compact region of spacetime whose boundary is topologically trivial but whose interior is not simply connected. Formalizing this idea leads to definitions such as the following, taken from Matt Visser's Lorentzian Wormholes.

If a Minkowski spacetime contains a compact region Ω, and if the topology of Ω is of the form Ω ~ R x Σ, where Σ is a three-manifold of nontrivial topology, whose boundary has topology of the form dΣ ~ S2, and if, furthermore, the hypersurfaces Σ are all spacelike, then the region Ω contains a quasi-permanent intra-universe wormhole.

Characterizing inter-universe wormholes is more difficult. For example, one can imagine a 'baby' universe connected to its 'parent' by a narrow 'umbilicus'. One might like to regard the umbilicus as the throat of a wormhole, but the spacetime is simply connected.
Schwarzschild wormholes

<table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Diagram of a Schwarzschild Wormhole</td> </tr> </tbody></table> Lorentzian wormholes known as Schwarzschild wormholes or Einstein-Rosen bridges are bridges between areas of space that can be modeled as vacuum solutions to the Einstein field equations by combining models of a black hole and a white hole. This solution was discovered by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen, who first published the result in 1935. However, in 1962 John A. Wheeler and Robert W. Fuller published a paper showing that this type of wormhole is unstable, and that it will pinch off instantly as soon as it forms, preventing even light from making it through.

Before the stability problems of Schwarzschild wormholes were apparent, it was proposed that quasars were white holes forming the ends of wormholes of this type.

While Schwarzschild wormholes are not traversable, their existence inspired Kip Thorne to imagine traversable wormholes created by holding the 'throat' of a Schwarzschild wormhole open with exotic matter (material that has negative mass/energy).
Traversability

<table align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Wormholes would act as shortcuts
connecting distant regions of space-time.
By going through a wormhole, it might
be possible to travel between the two
regions faster than a beam of light
through normal space-time.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> Lorentzian traversable wormholes would allow travel from one part of the universe to another part of that same universe very quickly or would allow travel from one universe to another. The possibility of traversable wormholes in general relativity was first demonstrated by Kip Thorne and his graduate student Mike Morris in a 1988 paper; for this reason, the type of traversable wormhole they proposed, held open by a spherical shell of exotic matter, is referred to as a Morris-Thorne wormhole. Later, other types of traversable wormholes were discovered as allowable solutions to the equations of general relativity, including a variety analyzed in a 1989 paper by Matt Visser, in which a path through the wormhole can be made in which the traversing path does not pass through a region of exotic matter. However in the pure Gauss-Bonnet theory exotic matter is not needed in order for wormholes to exist- they can exist even with no matter. A type held open by negative mass cosmic strings was put forth by Visser in collaboration with Cramer et al., in which it was proposed that such wormholes could have been naturally created in the early universe.

Wormholes connect two points in spacetime, which means that they would in principle allow travel in time, as well as in space. In 1988, Morris, Thorne and Yurtsever worked out explicitly how to convert a wormhole traversing space into one traversing time.[4] However, it has been said a time traversing wormhole cannot take you back to before it was made but this is disputed.
Faster-than-light travel

<table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> Special relativity only applies locally. Wormholes allow superluminal (faster-than-light) travel by ensuring that the speed of light is not exceeded locally at any time. While traveling through a wormhole, subluminal (slower-than-light) speeds are used. If two points are connected by a wormhole, the time taken to traverse it would be less than the time it would take a light beam to make the journey if it took a path through the space outside the wormhole. However, a light beam traveling through the wormhole would always beat the traveler. As an analogy, running around to the opposite side of a mountain at maximum speed may take longer than walking through a tunnel crossing it. You can walk slowly while reaching your destination more quickly because the distance is smaller.
Time travel

<table align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> A wormhole could allow time travel. This could be accomplished by accelerating one end of the wormhole to a high velocity relative to the other, and then sometime later bringing it back; relativistic time dilation would result in the accelerated wormhole mouth aging less than the stationary one as seen by an external observer, similar to what is seen in the twin paradox. However, time connects differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at each mouth will remain synchronized to someone traveling through the wormhole itself, no matter how the mouths move around. This means that anything which entered the accelerated wormhole mouth would exit the stationary one at a point in time prior to its entry.

For example, consider two clocks at both mouths both showing the date as 2000. After being taken on a trip at relativistic velocities, the accelerated mouth is brought back to the same region as the stationary mouth with the accelerated mouth's clock reading 2005 while the stationary mouth's clock read 2010. A traveler who entered the accelerated mouth at this moment would exit the stationary mouth when its clock also read 2005, in the same region but now five years in the past. Such a configuration of wormholes would allow for a particle's world line to form a closed loop in spacetime, known as a closed timelike curve.

<table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> It is thought that it may not be possible to convert a wormhole into a time machine in this manner; some analyses using the semi-classical approach to incorporating quantum effects into general relativity indicate that a feedback loop of virtual particles would circulate through the wormhole with ever-increasing intensity, destroying it before any information could be passed through it, in keeping with the chronology protection conjecture. This has been called into question by the suggestion that radiation would disperse after traveling through the wormhole, therefore preventing infinite accumulation. The debate on this matter is described by Kip S. Thorne in the book Black Holes and Time Warps. There is also the Roman ring, which is a configuration of more than one wormhole. This ring seems to allow a closed time loop with stable wormholes when analyzed using semi-classical gravity, although without a full theory of quantum gravity it is uncertain whether the semi-classical approach is reliable in this case.
Metrics

Theories of wormhole metrics describe the spacetime geometry of a wormhole and serve as theoretical models for time travel. An example of a (traversable) wormhole metric is the following:



One type of non-traversable wormhole metric is the Schwarzschild solution:


In fiction

<table align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Wing Commander ships are configured
with jump drives to propel a spacecraft
between two connecting stellar systems.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> Wormholes are features of science fiction as they allow interstellar (and sometimes inter-universal) travel within human timescales. It is common for the creators of a fictional universe to decide that faster-than-light travel is either impossible or that the technology does not yet exist, but to use wormholes as a means of allowing humans to travel long distances in short periods. Military science fiction (such as the Wing Commander games) often uses a "jump drive" to propel a spacecraft between two fixed "jump points" connecting stellar systems. Connecting systems in a network like this results in a fixed "terrain" with choke points that can be useful for constructing plots related to military campaigns. The Alderson points used by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle in The Mote in God's Eye and related novels are an example, although the mechanism does not seem to describe actual wormhole physics. David Weber has also used the device in the Honorverse and other books such as those based upon the Starfire universe. Naturally occurring wormholes form the basis for interstellar travel in Lois McMaster Bujold's Vorkosigan Saga. They are also used to create an Interstellar Commonwealth in Peter F. Hamilton's Commonwealth Saga. In Jack L. Chalker's The Rings of the Master series, interstellar class spaceships are capable of calculating complex equations and punching Wormholes in the fabric of the Universe in order to enable rapid travel.

Concept of wormholes is used in The Wild Blue Yonder, a science fiction film by Werner Herzog.

<table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Mass Relay Map in the Video Game Mars Effect</td> </tr> </tbody></table> The Mass Relays in the videogame Mass Effect can be perceived as stabilized wormholes that allow for near instantaneous, "faster-than-light" travel from one end to the other.

The Massively Multiplayer Online Game EVE Online utilizes wormholes extensively as they are created in the use of the stargate technology which allows for interstellar travel in the game world.

The Vega Strike first-person space trading and combat simulator features wormholes to travel through star systems. The engine is open-source and has various mods and total conversions which have wormholes too, like Vega Trek, a Vega Strike mod based on the Star Trek universe. Or the Privateer Remake, a remake of Wing Commander: Privateer.

<table align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Bajoran Wormhole in Star Trek</td> </tr> </tbody></table> Wormholes also play pivotal roles in science fiction where faster-than-light travel is possible though limited, allowing connections between regions that would be otherwise unreachable within conventional timelines. Several examples appear in the Star Trek franchise, including the Bajoran wormhole in the Deep Space Nine series. In 1979's Star Trek: The Motion Picture the USS Enterprise was trapped in an artificial wormhole caused by an imbalance in the calibration of the ship's warp engines when it first achieved faster-than-light speed. In the Star Trek: Voyager series, the cybernetic species the Borg use what, in the Star Trek universe, are referred to as transwarp conduits, allowing ships to move nearly instantaneously to any part of the galaxy in which an exit aperture exists. Although these conduits are never described as "wormholes", they appear to share several traits in common with them.

The 1979 Disney film The Black Hole's plot centers around a massive black hole, although it makes virtually no use of then-current worm-hole physics, with only one rather desultory mention of an Einstein-Rosen bridge. A trip through the black hole turns theological, abandoning scientific rationale.

<table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Wormhole Transporter in the
movie Contact.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> In Carl Sagan's novel Contact and subsequent 1997 film starring Jodie Foster and Matthew McConaughey, Foster's character Ellie travels 26 light years through a series of wormholes to the star Vega. The round trip, which to Ellie lasts 18 hours, passes by in a fraction of a second on Earth, making it appear she went nowhere. In her defense, Foster mentions an Einstein-Rosen bridge and tells how she was able to travel faster than light and time. Analysis of the situation by Kip Thorne, on the request of Sagan, is quoted by Thorne as being his original impetus for analyzing the physics of wormholes.

Wormholes play major roles in the television series Farscape, where they are the cause of John Crichton's presence in the far reaches of our own galaxy, and in the Stargate series, where stargates create a stable artificial wormhole where matter is dematerialized, converted into energy, and is sent through to be rematerialized at the other side. In the latter series, the devices were discovered in Egypt by an archeologist, and were built by aliens known as the Ancients or the Alterans. In the science fiction series Sliders, a wormhole (or vortex, as it is usually called in the show) is used to travel between parallel worlds, and one is seen at least once or twice in every episode. In the pilot episode it was referred to as an "Einstein-Rosen-Podolsky bridge".

<table align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Wormhole in movie Donnie Darko</td> </tr> </tbody></table> The central theme in the movie Donnie Darko revolves around Einstein-Rosen bridges.

It is possible that the Webway technology used by the Eldar of the fictional Warhammer 40,000 could be perceived as wormhole technology.

In Command & Conquer 3 and in its expansion the Scrin faction (an alien life form with unknown origins from outer solar system) uses artificial wormholes for military purposes to convey infantry and vehicles behind enemy lines.

In the Invader Zim episode, "A Room with a Moose" Zim utilizes a wormhole to send his classmates into a parallel universe that consists entirely of a room with a large moose inside it.

The television series Strange Days at Blake Holsey High is about a wormhole the science club found at their school.

In an episode called "wormhole" in the 13th season of the long running American series Power Rangers, called Power Rangers SPD the spd rangers go through a wormhole to team up with the previous team of Power Rangers Dino Thunder from year 2004, after their enemy Emperor Grumm goes through one.

In the video game "Supreme Commander" the UEF faction utilizes aether-gates for long distance military strikes.

<table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td class="style44">
Black hole in video game Spore</td> </tr> </tbody></table> In the video game "Spore", the player can travel through various black holes, which act as wormholes for the player to go to its counterpart located usually on the other side of the galaxy; something that would take much longer to do by flying there manually.

In the 1995-1996 FOX military science fiction series SPACE: Above and Beyond, during the first several episodes, the United Earth Force travel through wormholes, called the "Kali Region" or "Galileo Region" to arrive at exo-solar destinations. This idea is abandoned after the second episode.

In the movie Race to Witch Mountain the 2 aliens from a planet which is 3000 light years away from Earth use wormholes to travel to Earth.

In the 2009 Doctor Who Easter special, Planet of the Dead, the Doctor and a group of passengers aboard a double-decker bus are transported to an alien world via a wormhole.

 

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รูปถ่าย ถ้าเป้นของจริงก็เป็นเครื่องยืนยันที่ดีชิ้นนึงเลยค่ะ

 

Making Syncrude | New Energy and Fuel



Making “syncrude” which is not actually a synthetic manmade chemical compound, rather it’s a kind of pre cleaned and semi refined crude oil, is a multistep process as done by Syncrude Canada. Because the oil used in making syncrude is not deeply buried, surface mining is the most viable method of recovery. The oil is mined or more appropriately quarried out, much like the sand, stone or gravel quarry somewhere near you. Currently huge electric shovels load trucks with 400-ton ratings to gather the oil sands for transport. The oil sand is trucked to crushers, two rollers, where large chunks are broken down for transport via hydrotransport, a slurry system of water and the broken up oil sand or conveyors for short runs to the bitumen extraction facilities.
Oil Sands Being Loaded

There the oil sand is fed into tumblers where steam, hot water and caustic soda are added to form a slurry and condition it for oil separation. The slurry is discharged onto vibrating screens where large material is combed out. Then the slurry is fed into four Primary Separation Vessels, deep cone vessels designed to recover most of the oil. Froth floats to the top, sand settles to the bottom and the middlings, the clay and small particles, are pumped to Tailings Oil Recovery. Two Auxiliary Settling Areas, smaller versions of the primary units stand by to assist. The oil primary froth floats to the top, the sand settles to the bottom, and middlings are pumped to Tailings Oil Recovery vessels where the oil froth from the tailing oil recovery vessels is recycled again to the primary separation vessels to improve its quality. There is a whole lot of recycling going on to get all or very close to all the oil extracted.
Oil Sands Process Block Diagram. Click image for the largest view.

Oil recovered from tailings oil recovery vessel middlings is processed by a secondary flotation plant, (the settling pond outside) then piped back for recombining with the primary separation vessels’ froth. The oil is now about as clean from sand and dirt as its ever going to get so it’s de-aerated, reheated and fed into the Froth Treatment Plant. Froth treatment removes water and solids by dilution with naphtha and then offloading into centrifuges or inclined plate settlers.
Syncrude converts bitumen oil into hydrocarbon streams – Naphtha, Light Gas Oil that ranges from 30 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule and Heavy Gas Oil which is on up from 40 carbons to about 70 atoms – that are blended to create the high quality, light, low sulfur crude oil known as Syncrude Crude Oil. The conversion requires two steps.
Primary Upgrading begins with diluted bitumen fed into the Diluent Recovery Units a process of separating the already formed oil out from the remaining bitumen, which has been reduced to a solid. Water is removed and the naphtha is recovered to be recycled through an extraction system. The solid bitumen is fed to cokers where heat cracks it into fractions of naphtha, the light gas oil and heavy gas oil for further processing. Syncrude also uses an LC-Finer, a continuous hydrocracking process, which breaks the bitumen down through adding hydrogen over an expanded ebullating catalyst bed to produce a lower boiling product. The Vacuum Distillation Unit is a Vacuum tower in which gas oils are flashed off and sent to hydrotreaters, bypassing cokers and LC Finer. Just how the choices are made for what bitumen goes where seems to be proprietary.
Secondary Upgrading is where the cleaning of impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen are removed from the naphtha, light and heavy oil products. The treated gas oils and naphtha are then blended together forming Syncrude Crude Oil and shipped to downstream refineries.
Oil Sands New Syncrude Coker. Click image for the largest view.

It all seems very simple, but it is a large plant with the largest coker I’ve ever seen. It was made in Chicago and assembled on site. At something over 230 feet tall it dwarfs anything of this type I’ve seen so far.
Moving the New Coker Top Section. Click image for more info.

That might also be because its a “fluid coker” that runs continuously rather than the usual coker that is loaded and runs accumulating the hard solid coke at the bottom for batch type removal. It’s a front edge of technology thing that’s quite impressive. There is also what looks like a bunch of frac towers or distillation unit as seen in refineries. What’s different is there are few exits instead of many for the products. Simpler, but refining isn’t the goal, upgrading is with a clean, high value crude to sell to already built refineries.
The product is great stuff, its pre-cleaned of sulfur and other impurities, falls into fractioning or distillers with superb product results. The Canadian Syncrude is premium crude selling at a price above West Texas Intermediate, the benchmark crude for pricing crude oil types. Much of it goes to the U.S markets from Wyoming east to Michigan as far south as St Louis and Kansas City. (That’s to help consumers ID who is benefiting from the production.)
Lots of energy is needed to run this process. Steam from seven boilers, five standard ones produce 750,000 lbs/hr at a pressure of 915 psig. at a temperature of 499° C (930° F) and two secondary recovery boilers using exhaust from gas turbines are rated at 105,000 kg/hr of steam or 233,000 lbs./hr yielding nearly a million pounds of steam every hour.
Syncrude produces its own electricity. At the facility we visited the rated capacity is 350 megawatts at 13.8 kv distributed at five voltage levels- 72 kv, 25 kv, 22.9 kv, 13.8 kv, 5 kv supplying all of the plant users.
Eight water demineralizer trains averaging about 6,000 gallons per minute produce water for the boilers and process heaters. Cooling water is continuously cycled through three cooling towers, which keep plant cooling water at approximately 50º C. Water is recycled through the extraction process for an average rate of 65,000 gallons per minute of recycled water. Water that comes from the tailings settling basin is heated through a series of heat exchangers located in the upgrading cooling water system and in the diluent recovery and coker units. The water is split into two streams, tumbler water at 95o C and flood water at 70oC. These people take their water recycling very seriously because heated water is a major expense. Water used is a big number, water consumed is very a very small number, losing that heat in the process water would be a financial disaster, the process would very likely become uneconomic. Oil sands oil production economics depend on tight water recycling management and using heat as completely as possible.
Oil Sands Sulfur Stacks. Click image for the largest view.

Those of you looking at photos are going to wonder what those yellow squares are. It’s sulfur. Nearly pure, Syncrude casts them, stacks them up with the expectation of selling them into the sulfur market. It seems that, geologists thoughts included but unsettled, that a lot of the oil and the capping clays must be volcanic in origin. As you’ll see, there is lot of it stacked up. Sulfur is a metal, casting them into shippable blocks makes sense, leaving them out in the weather is fine as fertilizer is major user of sulfur.

 

วิเคราะห์เด็กอัจฉริยะ "Moshe Kai Cavalin" เรียนปริญญาตรีตั้งแต่ 11 ขวบ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center">วิเคราะห์เด็กอัจฉริยะ "Moshe Kai Cavalin" เรียนปริญญาตรีตั้งแต่ 11 ขวบ</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td>เป็นเด็กอัจฉริยะ ที่ไม่ยอมให้เรียกเขาว่าเด็กอัจฉริยะ "Moshe Kai Cavalin" กับอายุในปัจจุบันที่ 11 ปี และความสูงเพียง 4 ฟุต 7 นิ้ว ด้วยส่วนสูงดังกล่าวนี้ทำให้เวลาที่เขานั่งเรียนในห้องร่วมกับพี่ ๆ เพื่อน ๆ วัย 19 - 20 ปีใน East Los Angeles College นั้น เท้าของเขายังแตะไม่ถึงพื้นด้วยซ้ำ

พ่อของ Cavalin เป็นชาวอิสราเอล ขณะที่แม่ Shu Chen Chien เป็นชาวไต้หวัน ครอบครัวเล็ก ๆ ครอบครัวนี้อาศัยอยู่ในลอสแองเจลลิส สหรัฐอเมริกา ส่วน Cavalin แม้ว่าปัจจุบันศึกษาอยู่ที่ East Los Angeles College แต่ภายในปีนี้ หากว่าเขาสามารถรักษาเกรด และทำตามเงื่อนไขต่าง ๆ ของสถาบันได้เสร็จสิ้น เขาจะทรานสเฟอร์ไปศึกษาต่อด้านดาราศาสตร์ ในสาขา astrophysics ซึ่งเป็นการศึกษาเกี่ยวกับคุณสมบัติทางฟิสิคส์ของนพเคราะห์และดวงดาวอื่น ๆ ที่ต้องใช้เวลาในการศึกษานาน 4 ปี

หนึ่งในเรื่องที่เขาสนใจ คือ "Wormholes" ปรากฏการณ์เหนือธรรมชาติที่ยังคงเป็นแค่ข้อสมมติฐานแต่ก็มีความเชื่อมโยงกับ ทฤษฎีของอัลเบิร์ต ไอน์สไตน์ โดยเขาตั้งใจว่าจะพิสูจน์ถึงการมีอยู่จริงของ Wormholes และพิสูจน์ว่าทฤษฎีต่าง ๆ เหล่านี้เป็นสิ่งที่ถูกต้อง

กิจวัตรประจำวันหลังเลิกเรียนของ Moshe Kai Cavalin นั้นคือการทำการบ้านวิชาสถิติให้เสร็จ ก่อนจะไปทำกิจกรรมอื่น ๆ ตามที่เขาสนใจ โดย Cavalin ยังชอบเล่นฟุตบอล ชอบดูหนังบู๊ของเฉินหลง สะสมรถยนต์ของเล่น และหมวกเบสบอลที่มีตราเสืออยู่บนหมวก เพราะเขาเกิดในปีเสือตามปีนักษัตรจีน

แต่ Cavalin ก็ไม่ใช่เด็กที่มีอายุน้อยที่สุดที่สามารถสำเร็จการศึกษาในระดับนี้ได้ หากแต่เป็น Micheal Kearney ที่ได้รับการยกย่อง โดย Micheal สำเร็จการศึกษาระดับปริญญาตรีด้านมนุษยวิทยา จากมหาวิทยาลัยเซาท์อลาบามา เมื่อตอนอายุ 10 ขวบ (ปัจจุบัน Micheal อายุ 24 ปี)

"อย่างไรก็ดี เขาเป็นนักเรียนที่เด็กที่สุดเท่าที่เคยมีมาของสถาบันเรา และก็เป็นคนที่มีความอุตสาหะอย่างสูงในการเรียน โดยในห้องเรียนเขาเป็นเด็กที่มีมนุษยสัมพันธ์ดี ปรับตัวได้รวดเร็ว และเป็นเด็กที่น่ารักมาก" แดเนียล จัดจ์ (Daniel Judge) อาจารย์ด้านสถิติของ Cavalin กล่าว

ทั้งนี้ ในช่วงปี 2006 Cavalin อายุ 8 ขวบ และได้เข้าเรียนในคลาสของ Guajao Liao ในวิชา Intermediate algebra และในช่วงปลายเทอม อาจารย์ผู้สอนได้ให้เขาช่วยเป็นติวเตอร์ให้กับเพื่อน ๆ พี่ ๆ นักเรียนคนอื่น ๆ ในคลาสด้วย

"เราได้เคยคุยกับผู้ปกครองของเด็กแล้วว่า ความสามารถของเขานั้นสูงเกินไปแล้ว เขาควรจะไปลงเรียนในหลักสูตรที่สูงขึ้นไปแต่ทางพ่อแม่ของเด็กบอกว่า ไม่อยากผลักดันเด็กมากจนเกินไป"

พ่อแม่ของ Cavalin เองก็พยายามหลีกเลี่ยงที่จะใช้คำว่า "อัจฉริยะ" กับลูกชาย โดยบอกเพียงว่า ลูกชายของพวกเขานั้นเป็นเด็กธรรมดา เหมือนเด็กทั่ว ๆ ไปที่บังเอิญรักการเรียนมากไปหน่อยเท่านั้นเอง โดย ในช่วงวัย 6 ขวบนั้น Cavalin เคยจะเข้าเรียนในโรงเรียนประถมเหมือนเด็กทั่ว ๆ ไป หากแต่ได้รับการทักท้วงจากครูในโรงเรียนว่า เขาไม่เหมาะกับการเรียนการสอนดังกล่าว เนื่องจากเขาเข้าใจเนื้อหาที่จะเรียนปรุโปร่งไปหมดแล้ว ทางครอบครัวจึงต้องจัดการเรียนการสอนแบบโฮมสคูลให้กับเขาที่บ้านแทน

แต่หลังจากนั้นเพียง 2 ปี พวกเขาก็ตัดสินใจส่งลูกเข้าเรียนในระดับวิทยาลัย โดยในช่วงแรก ทางสถาบันยอมให้เขาลงทะเบียนได้เพียงสองวิชา คือคณิตศาสตร์และฟิสิกส์ แต่หลังจากที่ผลคะแนนออกมาและเขาได้ A+ ทั้งสองวิชา เขาก็ได้รับโอกาสลงทะเบียนเรียนได้ตามที่ใจต้องการ ทั้งนี้หลังจากที่เขาเรียนมาได้ 1 ปีกว่า ๆ เกรดเฉลี่ยของเขาก็ยังคงอยู่ในระดับ A+ ด้วย

ด้าน Cavalin กล่าวถึงตัวเองอย่างถ่อมตัวว่า เขาคงไม่นิยามความสำเร็จของตนเองในครั้งนี้ว่าเป็นเด็กอัจฉริยะ เพราะคนบนโลกนี้มีอยู่อีกกว่า 6.5 พันล้านคน และแต่ละคนต่างก็มีอัจฉริยภาพที่แตกต่างกัน

ขณะที่อาจารย์ของ Cavalin อย่างแดเนียล จัดจ์กล่าวว่า "เด็ก นักเรียนส่วนมากมักสร้างกำแพงขึ้นมาขวางกั้นความสามารถของตัวเอง ด้วยการคิดว่าสิ่งต่าง ๆ รอบตัวนั้นช่างเป็นเรื่องยากเกินความสามารถ นั่นจึงทำให้พวกเขาทำสิ่งต่าง ๆ ได้ไม่ดีอย่างที่ควรจะเป็น แต่เคสของ Cavalin นั้นแตกต่างออกไป แม้ว่า Cavalin จะพบความยุ่งยากแต่เขาก็เลือกที่จะเดินต่อไป เรียกได้ว่าเขาพัฒนาความสามารถได้อย่างถูกทาง"

เรียบเรียงจากฟ็อกซ์นิวส์</td></tr></tbody></table>

 

The LHC - The Large Hadron Collider ( L.H.C )



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Biggest experiment on the planet




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CERN LHC Black Holes and Strangelets - May Appear Years Later and Destroy World



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Hawking Vs Einstein: CERN LHC Black Holes Warning, M=E/c2. CERNTruth.com




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